Electrical component remover and/or inserter



1965 B. J. JOHANSON ETAL 3,

ELECTRICAL COMPONENT REMOVER AND/OR INSERTER Filed May 21, 1963 ,DeZertif Edda/ United States Patent 3,210,836 ELECTRICAL COMPONENT REMOVERAND/0R INSERTER Bengt J. Johanson, Des Plaines, and Delbert F. Rader,Villa Park, Ill., assignors to United-Carr Incorporated, a corporationof Delaware Filed May 21, 1963, Ser. No. 282,023 1 Claim. (CL 29278)This invention pertains to the removal and insertion of electrical andelectronic plug-in type components, especially miniature components suchas micro-electron tubes, from and into respectively, their mountingmeans or sockets and more particularly, the invention covers a devicefor effectively accomplishing one or both of the same.

In this modern day with its great emphasis, in the electronics industryespecially, on maximum possible reduction in size and weight and onextreme compactness, electron tubes have recently been devised andplaced on the market which are extremely small in size. These tubesextend only one half inch in height above the socket when mounted, withonly five sixteenths of an inch of height extending above the tubeencircling saddle, associated with the socket, and available forgripping for removal of the tube. The tube is further only about fivesixteenths of an inch in diameter over such portion available forgripping.

Because of the great emphasis on compactness and minimum weight, theseextremely tiny tubes are also closely surrounded and crowded in theirmounted condition by an array of other electrical and electronicequipment, components, and parts and by portions of chassis, structuralsupports, wires and the like and together with the very minuteness ofthese tubes and especially of the extremely small portion thereofextending above the saddle and available for gripping, these tubes aremost difiicult to get at in the first instance aside from trying to geta grip on the extremely small portion thereof available for grippingwith the ends of only two fingers.

These tiny tubes also have all metal casings, rather than glass as inthe larger tubes and also serving the function of tube shields, whichget extremely hot in use rendering them impossible to touch with thefingers without severely burning the same unless prolonged coolingperiods are allowed. Such cooling periods, of course, are mostinconvenient and time consuming and therefore expensive, especiallytaking into account many such tubes over a substantially long period oftime.

These tubes are further very tight in their sockets and the surroundingrings of closely spaced, exceptionally tightly gripping, strong springfingers of the saddles and are impossible to extract without theobtaining of a good grip and the expenditure of great force. The outercylindrical surfaces of the sheet metal casings of these tubes aremoreover and significantly perfectly smooth which makes it impossible toget a good grip on the extremely small available surface of each tubeabove the saddle therefor with the ends of two fingers in any event.

Aside from the extremely high heat of the metal casings of these tubesand the retention of heat by the same, the minuteness of these tubes,and the closely surrounded and crowded, almost hidden condition of thesetiny tubes in their mounted condition, even, all of which in themselveswould make removal of these tubes quite difficult, the smoothcylindrical sheet metal surface of the extremely Patented Oct. 12, 1965small portion of each tube extending above the saddle and available forgripping together with the exceptionally tight reception of the tubewithin its socket and tightly clamping saddle makes it completelyimpossible to extract the tube from such socket and saddle manually bythe use of the ends of two fingers, the rounded ends of the lattermerely camming or slipping off without effecting the slightest change ofthe tube in its mounted relation even after repeated tries.

In View of the above existing situation, it is the primary object of theinvention to provide a device for removing the above described tubesfrom their sockets and saddles when the tubes are in their mountedcondition.

Another object of the invention is to provide such a device which can beused to remove the above described tubes from their mounted positionsWithin their sockets and saddles immediately without waiting for anycooling of the metal tubes to occur and without burning ones fingers.

Still another object is to provide such a device which can be easilyinserted in the restricted spaces occupied by the tubes and caused toengage over the respective tubes for their removal.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide a device as indicatedwhich can be easily and quickly used merely by three fingers of one handand also while the arm is in a fully outstretched position where this isnecessary.

A still further object is to provide such a device which willautomatically and effectively grip the outer smooth casing of the abovedescribed tube upon letting the device relax in ones fingers after beingplaced over the tube to be removed, for subsequent removal of the tubemerely by pulling upwardly or outwardly, depending upon the position ofmounting of the tube, on a portion of the device.

It is also an important object of the invention to provide a device asindicated above which will in no way cause any damage to the criticallyor exactingly constructed and easily damageabtle saddles Within whichthe tubes rest when the device is engaged on the tubes preliminar to thepulling and removal thereof.

Another important object is to provide such a device which is also fullyefiective for inserting tubes suchas the above into their socketsthrough the restricted space available and further, without any damageto the critically constructed and easily damageable saddles associatedwith the sockets.

A further object is to provide such a device which can also be used forcarrying or transporting the minute tubes which can very easily bedropped from the fingers including into unaccessible areas of electronicor other apparatus to be lost therein and also with possibilities ofshorting out and burning equipment because of the metal casings, suchcarrying or transporting especially being incident to removal orinsertion of the tubes.

Still another object is to provide a device as above indicated which canbe made of any extensive length for getting into otherwise totallyunaccessible locations including into spaces only very slightly largerthan the tubes themselves for the insertion and removal of tubes intoand from their mounted relation.

Yet another object is to provide such a device which is easilyassemblable without the need and use of any tools or external deviceswhatsoever, the final parts merely being caused to snap intointerlocking relation with each other after the other part has simplybeen laid or placed in a proper position.

A still further object of the invention is to provide such a devicewhich is completely devoid of any means such as screws, nuts, bolts,clamps, fittings or the like, the device preferably being constructedentirely of nonheat conductive material such as plastic except for asingle spring of metal.

Another object of the invention is to provide a device as aboveindicated which is easy and inexpensive to manufacture yet dependableand effective in use and also which is most durable for a long lifeusage thereof.

Other objects, advantages, and features of the invention will appear inthe course of reading and considering the following description, inconjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective veiw of a preferred form of the device of theinvention shown in position over a microtube, as set forth in thepreamble, to be pulled and also with a hand being shown in phantom inposition to operate the device preparatory to insertion of the same overthe tube, for removal of the latter from its mounted relation;

FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of the device of FIG. 1 takenthrrough the center of the device and shown the latter in the normalcondition thereof;

FIG. 3 is an end elevational view of the device as seen from the left inFIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a view like FIG. 2 but showing the device in a fully extendedor operated condition when being fully squeezed between the thumb andtwo fingers of a persons hand;

FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 2 but fragmentary and showing amicro-tube, as set forth in the preamble, within the device and readyfor pulling from its mounted condition with the device being in anunpressed, tube gripping condition; and

FIG. 6 is a view like FIG. 5 but showing a slight modification asapplied to a modified type of micro-tube.

Referring to the drawing figures in detail and first to FIGS. 1 through5 thereof, reference numeral 1 generally designates an outer or casingmember having a forward body or barrel portion 2 of generallycylindrical form and a rearward body portion 3 also of generallycylindrical form and somewhat smaller in size than the forward portion2. Portions 2 and 3 are of course, co-axial to each other, the portion 3being somewhat tapered on its outer surface, as is evident from FIGS. 2and 3.

A vertical wall 5 is provided intermediate the two portions 2 and 3, thewall having a centrally disposed bore 6 therethrough. The cylindricalnatures of the body portions 2 and 3 together with the medially disposedinterior wall 5 provide interior cavities 8 and 9 for the two portionsrespectively. The casing 1 is further provided with an integral,outwardly extending annular flange 11 for the purpose of resting againsttwo somewhat spread or spaced apart fingers of a person handling thedevice as indicated in FIG. 1, the forward plane surface 12 of theprojecting flange 11 being in the same plane as the forward planesurface 13 of the inner wall 5 and at or near the juncture of the twoportions 2 and 3 of the casing for better strength considerations aswell as for appearance.

The body portion or barrel 2 of the casing 1 is also provided with aninner frusto-conical surface 15 extending from an intermediate point orcircular line along the inside of the cavity 8 at 16 forwardly to theend of the portion 2, for instance, this surface converging towards therear of the device or the right as seen in FIG. 2 and diverging towardsthe front or left as seen in this figure.

An inner member or body generally designated 18 is contained within thebody cavity 8 of the body portion )r barrel 2 of the casing 1. Thismember 18 is cuphaped with a generally cylindrical sidewall and, ac-

cordingly, has an inner cavity generally designated 19 and a rear wall20 having a centrally disposed bore 21 therethrough of somewhat smallerdiameter than the bore 6 in the wall 5 of the outer casing 1. When theinner member 18 is in a relaxed or unstressed condition as seen in FIG.4, the inner surfaces 23 and 24 as well as the rearward outer surface 26thereof are at least generally coaxial cylindrical surfaces. The forwardcylindrical surface 24 is of somewhat larger diameter than the surface23 rearwardly thereof, being separated therefrom by a flat annularshoulder 25 for a purpose which will be brought out hereinafter.

The inner member 18 is further provided with a frustoconical outersurface 28, when in the unstressed condition thereof shown in FIG. 4,which extends forwardly from the cylindrical surface 26 until terminatedby the frusto-conical surface 29, when in the FIG. 4 condition of themember 18, which latter surface extends to the forward end of the member18. The frusto-conical surface 28 converges toward the rear of thedevice or towards the right as seen in FIG. 4 while the surface 28converges forwardly or to the left as seen in the figure.

The inner body or member 18 is also and importantly provided with threesolts 31 extending from the forward end of the member reawardlyterminating at 32 only the far slot being seen in FIGS. 3 and 4. In theposition of the member 18 shown in FIG. 2 which is the extreme rearwardposition thereof, the frusto-conical surfaces 15 of the outer member 2and 28 of the inner member 18 have engaged each other to contract orcollapse the inner member forwardly of the rear ends 32 of the slots 31bringing the forward end portions of the member 18 adjacent the slots 31together as at 34 for the far slot shown in FIG. 2.

A compression coil spring 37 is received within the cavity 9 of the rearbody portion 3 of the outer casing I normally projecting substantiallytherebeyond as shown in FIG. 2. This spring abuts at its forward endagainst the rear surface of the wall 5 of the casing 1. An axiallyextending stem member 39 is received within the coil spring 37, thismember also passing through the bore 6 in the wall portion 5 of theouter casing 1 in freely slidable relation with said wall portion. Thestem member 39 has a reduced portion 40 near the forward end thereofwhich extends through the bore 21 of the inner body or member 18, thestem member further being provided with an enlarged terminal or headportion 41 the rear flat sur face 42 of which engages the front flatsurface 43 of the wall 20 of the inner member 18 which together with theengagement of the flat annular shoulder 44 of the main part of the stem39 with the flat rear face 45 of the wall 20 secure the inner member 18and stem member 39 together. Actually the enlarged head portion 41 ofthe stem member 39 is divided by a pair of cross slots 46 (see FIG. 3)at right angles to each other into four equal segments 48. The crossslots 46 extend rearwardly through the stem 39 to the point 49 (see FIG.4). The slots 46 extending through the enlarged head 41 and wellrearwardly thereof in the stem member 39 together with thefrusto-conical or tapered cam surface 50 of the enlarged end portion 41or, more specifically, of the four segments 48 thereof constitute animportant feature of the invention. This construction permits simple andquick assembly of the device in but a single movement without the needof any tools or any other aids whatsoever and further without the needof any fastening devices such as screws, bolts, nuts, washers, clips andthe like. According to this construction, the stem member 39 with itsenlarged end portion 53 of the rear thereof is simply inserted throughthe coil spring 37, after the latter is dropped within the cavity 9 ofthe outer casing 1 of the device, and the bore 6 of the wall portion 5of the easing and the enlarged head portion 41 pushed through thereduced opening 40 in the inner member 18 by virtue of a collapsing orcontracting of the forward part of the stem because of the presence andprovision of the slot 46 assisted by the frusto-conical surface 50 whichpermits a camming in of the four quandrants or segments 48 to acollapsed condition to admit passage of the enlarged end portion 41through the bore 40. After the enlarged head 41 has passedcompletelythrough the opening 40, the four segments 48 thereof spring outwardlydue to the resiliency of the material of which the stem 39 isconstructed, thus to inter-lock the stem and the inner body or member 18securely together.

The tight securement of the inner member 18 and stem member 39 togetherpermits the latter member to move or actuate the inner member 18 in arectilinear direction alternately forwardly and rearwardly relative tothe outer or casing member 1 as should be apparent from the drawing 'or,which is the same thing or equivalent thereof, the outer casing 1 can bemoved alternately rearwardly and forwardly relative to the combinedinner member 18 and stem member 39 through the use of the stem member 39which terminates in the large disc like portion 53 against which therear end of the compression coil spring 37 bears and against which thethumb presses or bears in actuation of the device together with the useof the annular flange 11 of the outer member or casing 1.

Going into the matter of actuation farther, it should be apparent fromviewing FIG. 1 that the thumb engages or bears against the upper, or therear hand if viewing FIGS. 2 and 4, surface of the enlarged button heador disc portion 53 while the forefinger and second finger straddle thebarrel 2 of the casing 1 forwardly of the annular flange 11 hearingagainst the front, fiat annular face 12 the latter at opposite sides ofthe flange. Pressure of the thumb towards to the other two fingers orupward or rearward pressure, in the FIG. 1 and the FIGS. 2 and 4positions of the device, respectively, of the other two fingers towardsthe thumb will draw the annular flange 11 and button head 13 togetherinto a position represented by FIG. 4 in which the head 53 abuts againstthe rear end of portion 3 and the coil spring 37 is greatly compressed.In the latter or FIG. 4 condition of the device, the inner member orbody 18 has been moved forwardly relative to the outer body or casing 1or the latter has been moved rearwardly relative to the inner member 18and stem member 39 to cause the inner member to project from the outermember a substantially greater amount as compared to the FIG. 2condition as is evident in FIG. 4 This new relation places the innerfrusto-conical surface 15 of the outer member 1 and the outerfrusto-conical surface 28 of the inner body 18 in a different relationto each other permitting substantial or at least appreciable expansionof the previously collapsed principle part of the inner member 18 or atleast the elimination of the inward forces thereon for permittingintroduction or insertion of a micro-tube within the forward innersurface 24 of the inner member 18. Ceasing the application of pressureor the squeezing action by the fingers bearing against the annularflange 11 and the thumb bearing against the top or end of the deviceallows the compression spring 37 to apply pressure in the oppositedirection at least tending to spread the outer member or casing 1 andthe portion 53 apart with a very substantial amount of force and causepartial collapse or contraction of the principle part of the side wallportion of the inner member 18 and particularly the forward part thereofwherein the surface 24 is and in any event initiating a firm inwardclamping or gripping action through the interaction of thefrusto-conical surfaces 15 and 28 of the outer and inner members 1 and18, respectively, by the three segments or fingers 56 of the innermember 18 provided by the three slots against the outer cylindricalsurface of the micro-tube generally designated 57. FIG. 5 shows thegripping engagement of the tiny tube 57 within the surface 24 of thedevice preparatory to pulling or extracting the tube from its plugged-inmounted condition within 6 the socket 58 mounted in the chassis portion59 of the electronic device wherein the tube is employed.

The device is preferably inexpensively constructed entirely of asuitable hard or firm yet resilient plastic except for the metal spring37. Such a plastic construction prevents the transmission of any heatfrom the extremely hot tube which is being removed.

Because of the rather slick nature of the plastic, if not also becauseof the relatively soft nature of the surfaces thereof, together with thesmooth sheet steel surface of the metal casing of the tube, it isimpossible to get a proper grip on the tube for the removal thereof fromthe socket and tightly gripping saddle which will hold without specialprovision. To provide the necessary grip on the tube, grit such asCarborundum powder which is caused to be suitably embedded at leastpartially within the surface 24 of the inner member 18, and indicated bythe stippling in the drawing, the use of such grit constituting animportant part of the invention. This Carborundum powder alters theotherwise rather slick, smooth surface 24 of the inner member 18providing the necessary friction between said surface and the very smallsmooth metal casing of the tube 57 when within the surface and thedevice is allowed to assume the gripping relation shown in FIG. 5 of thedrawing. The use of such grit Carborundum powder turns an otherwiseinoperative device when applied to a tube mounted within the socket andtightly gripping saddle as below set forth into a most effective one foreasily and quickly extracting a tiny metal tube such as 57 from itssocket. It is pointed out in this connection that a multiplicity ofspring figners 61 of the saddle 68 associated with the socket 58surround the lower half of the tube and engage the top of the enlargedlower portion 63 thereof very tightly, gripping the latter through thedimple 64 (see FIG. 5) with a very great amount of force for a veryimportant operative relation with the metal casing of the tube 57 whichis not within the confines of the present invention and therefore willnot be gone into herein. The fingers of said saddle have a very criticalspacing therebetween for very important reasons which will not be goneinto herein and moreover the formation of each individual finger 61 iscritical for the proper pressure against the lower part of the tube. Itis accordingly essential that the critical formation and uniformlyspaced relation of the fingers be totally undisturbed by any tubepulling or extracting device or any device used for insertion of thetubes into their mounted relation. Accordingly, the shoulder 25 of theinstant device is so positioned and the length of the surface 24 is suchas to limit the downward or inward movement of the device over the tubeso as to provide a definite space 66 (see FIG. 5) between the lower orfront end 67 of the device and the upper or outer ends of the saddlefingers when the movement is completed to accordingly totally preventany damage or disruptive contact there'- with whatsoever. This forms avery important aspect or feature of the invention.

It should be apparent from the drawing that the outer diameter of thebarrel or outer body portion 2 is only slightly greater than that of thetube 57 itself and particularly of the tube and socket combination andtogether with the outwardly converging frusto-conical or tapered surface29 of the inner member 18 which extends forwardly of the outer member 1,the present device is able to be inserted into a space hardly greaterthan the size of the tube itself and almost the same size as the socketand saddle and tube combination, a space otherwise totally inaccessibleto a persons fingers, for the extraction and even insertion of the tube.This is very significant in the extremely crowded conditions in whichtubes and other electronic componentsare so often used at the presenttime. It is pointed out that with the advent of the present device,uniformly and extremely crowded and compact tube and other electronicmountings may be had, thus to 7 produce extremely small or compactelectronic devices bringing a definite advance to the field.

Although a device of certain proportions and a particular length hasbeen disclosed, it should be understood that a device of much greaterlength can be provided by merely increasing the length of the barrel 2and of the inner member 18 to any desired amount within the strengthcapability of plastic, if this material should be used, just forward ofthe annular flange 11 and rearwardly of the ends 32 of the slots 31 ofthe inner member 18 without affecting the operations of this device inany mate-- rial way at all. Such an elongated device could be used toreach otherwise totally inaccessible locations not only for thewithdrawal or extraction of tubes but also for the: insertion thereof orof other electrical or electronic components for the handling of whichthe present device can be very easily sized or designed.

FIG. 6 of the drawing discloses a slightly different form of the deviceadapted for use with a slightly different form of the micro-tube 70. Inthis form of device, the surface 71 thereof, which is the equivalent ofsurface 24 of the previous form and which also contains the embeddedCarborundum powder for good frictional engagement of the tube, is offairly narrow length, limited at the front and rear thereof by spaced,facing annular shoulders 72 and 73. The tube 70 which is receivablewithin the surface means 71 is provided with an enlarged portion 75 ofrather limited extent lengthwise which latter enlargement is receivedwithin the surface 71 of the device. It should be apparent that theinner and outer annular surfaces or shoulders 76 and 77, respectively,of the enlargement 75 of the tube are engageable with the shoulder 72and 73, respectively, of the device.

Because of the relatively limited extent of the enlargement 75 of thetube lengthwise, the annular shoulders 72 and 73 are provided in thedevice for engagement with the inner and outer annular surfaces of theenlargement in order to assist in retaining the tube within the deviceand for applying an axial force on the tube in either direction togetherwith that which can be imparted to the tube through the frictionalengagement between the surface 71 of the device and the outercylindrical surface 79 of the tube for both removal of the tube from itsmounted engagement within the socket and saddle and also for insertionof the tube into such a mounted condition.

Although the present device has been described in connection with theremoval and insertion of micro-electron tubes having extremely smallmetal casings, the device can of course be used for larger tubes ofdifferent casing designs, if desired, in which case, of course, thedevice would have to be of a larger size to accommodate such tubes. Thedevice can also be sized and particularly designed for the removaland/or insertion of other electrical and electronic devices such ascapacitors of the plug-in type, small relays which are preferably roundin form semi-conductors, and in general anything that plugs into asocket or similar mounting means.

It is thus seen that a very simple and inexpensive, yet most effectiveand reliable device has been provided to fill a critical need; namely,the removal, particularly, and also the insertion of the new micro-tubedescribed in the preamble of this application from and into its mountedrelation and without which device it would be impossible to so removethe tube from its very tight socket and saddle mounting if not also toinsert the same, particularly in very crowded or otherwise inaccessiblemounting locations. Such device additionally has the very importantfeature of permitting immediate withdrawal of the tube while very hotwithout the need of waiting for the same to cool which would otherwisebe necessary to avoid burning of the fingers and which would be quiteinconvenient and time consuming, even if the tube could be removed bythe fingers which of course is impossible as carefully gone into above.

As previously indicated, the device can be used to get into very small,restricted spaces otherwise very difficult or impossible to get into andalso to get into inaccessible places except where the device is used.Besides the removal of the tiny hot electron tubes or other electricalcomponents, the present device, as above indicated, can also be used forthe insertion of such members into their mounted relation and in veryrestricted spaces as well as in totally inaccessible places.

It is further pointed out before closing that even aside from the tinytube being tightly or strongly gripped by the saddle requiringconsiderable force to remove the tube therefrom and even aside from theextremely small size of the tube and especially of the portion thereofavailable for gripping above the saddle and the cramped or often veryrestricted space available for trying to get into for removal of thetube, for instance, and the very hot nature of the tube unless allowedto cool, a person could very easily cut his fingers, in trying to removeor insert the tube, without the use of the present device on the varioussharp corners and edges of the very thin sheet metal saddle especiallyif there are any burrs or ragged edges and also especially when one istrying to rotate the tube within the saddle for mounting or removal ofthe tube.

Although the tube socket has been disclosed as including the tightgripping saddle, the device may, of course, be used for the removal andinsertion of tubes or other components from and into respectively,sockets not having saddles or ones strongly gripping the componentsthemselves where such sockets should be employed in which case where aplastic device or inner member is employed the use of grit such asCarborundum powder may be dispensed with especially if the tubes orother components are not particularly tightly received within theirsockets.

Any use in the appended claim of words such as vertical, front,rearwardly, and the like or any other references bearing on direction orthe position of the device are intended to be relative to the positionof the device shown in FIGS. 2 through 6 only and are therefore not tobe taken as absolute terms, it of course being understood that thedevice may be used in any position in which it may be necessary to souse it.

Although two embodiments of the invention have been disclosed, it shouldbe clearly understood that other modifications in detail as well asother embodiments of the invention may be had and are in factcontemplated and accordingly, the appended claim should be limited onlyby its own term construed in the broad overall light of the invention inits various aspects and possibilities.

What is claimed is:

A device for the removal and/ or insertion of electrical or electronicplug-in type components comprising an inner and an outer member eachopen at the front thereof and reciprocally movable relative to theother, said inner member being constructed to receive a componenttherewithin and having inner means engageable with the component whenproperly within the inner member, spring means normally resilientlybiasing the outer member forwardly relative to the inner member foreffecting the engagement of the component when the component is properlywithin the inner member, said outer member being rearwardly movablerelative to the inner member against the action of said spring means,said spring means comprising coil spring means and an elongated memberextending from the inner member passing through the open interior of thecoil spring means and saidelongated member having a finger-engageableend portion extending laterally outwardly thereof, said inner memberhaving a wall portion with an opening therethrough, said elongatedmember being constructed of resilient material and having a head portionpart of which latter portion is normally larger than the opening in saidwall portion, the elongated member further having a portion from whichthe head portion extends of such size as to be received within saidopening, the head portion being of no greater size at the terminumthereof farthest from the portion of the elongated member from which thehead portion extends than said opening, the head portion and also atleast part of the portion of the elongated member from which the headportion extends being so slotted as to permit resilient contraction ofthe head portion, as the latter is being pushed through the opening insaid wall portion during assembly, sufliciently to permit such passageof the head portion through the opening for the assembly of theelongated member with the inner memher after which passage the headportion springs into an enlarged condition with part of the head portionbeing larger than the opening in said wall portion for retaining theelongated member on the inner member.

References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 653,775 7/00Marshall.

1,531,567 3/25 Niblock 81-112 X 1,839,805 1/32 Sampson 81--112 X2,438,797 3/48 Bagge.

2,532,972 12/50 Vertin 81-112 X 1 WILLIAM FELDMAN, Primary Examiner.

MILTON S. MEHR, Examiner.

